RESUMO
BackgroundThe SARS-CoV-2 Omicron variant has replaced the previously dominant Delta variant because of high transmissibility. It is responsible for the current increase in the COVID-19 infectivity rate worldwide. However, studies on the impact of the Omicron variant on the severity of COVID-19 are still limited in developing countries. Here, we compared the outcomes of patients infected with SARS-CoV-2 Omicron and Delta variants and associated with prognostic factors, including age, sex, comorbidities, and smoking. MethodsWe involved 352 patients, 139 with the Omicron variant and 213 with the Delta variant. The whole-genome sequences of SARS-CoV-2 were conducted using the Illumina MiSeq next-generation sequencer. ResultsCt value and mean age of COVID-19 patients were not significantly different between both groups (Delta: 20.35 {+/-} 4.07 vs. Omicron: 20.62 {+/-} 3.75; p=0.540; and Delta: 36.52 {+/-} 21.24 vs. Omicron: 39.10 {+/-} 21.24; p=0.266, respectively). Patients infected with Omicron and Delta variants showed similar hospitalization (p=0.433) and mortality rates (p=0.565). Multivariate analysis showed that older age ([≥]65 years) had higher risk for hospitalization (OR=3.67 [95% CI=1.22-10.94]; p=0.019) and fatalities (OR=3.93 [95% CI=1.35-11.42]; p=0.012). In addition, patients with cardiovascular disease had higher risk for hospitalization (OR=5.27 [95% CI=1.07-25.97]; p=0.041), whereas patients with diabetes revealed higher risk for fatalities (OR=9.39 [95% CI=3.30-26.72]; p=<0.001). ConclusionsOur study shows that patients infected with Omicron and Delta variants reveal similar clinical outcomes, including hospitalization and mortality. In addition, our findings further confirm that older age, cardiovascular disease, and diabetes are strong prognostic factors for the outcomes of COVID-19 patients.
RESUMO
BackgroundSARS-CoV-2 Delta variant (B.1.617.2) has been responsible for the current increase in COVID-19 infectivity rate worldwide. We compared the impact of the Delta variant and non-Delta variant on the COVID-19 outcomes in patients from Yogyakarta and Central Java provinces, Indonesia. MethodsWe ascertained 161 patients, 69 with the Delta variant and 92 with the non-Delta variant. The Illumina MiSeq next-generation sequencer was used to perform the whole genome sequences of SARS-CoV-2. ResultsThe mean age of patients with Delta and the non-Delta variant was 27.3 {+/-} 20.0 and 43.0 {+/-} 20.9 (p=3x10-6). The patients with Delta variant consisted of 23 males and 46 females, while the patients with the non-Delta variant involved 56 males and 36 females (p=0.001). The Ct value of the Delta variant (18.4 {+/-} 2.9) was significantly lower than the non-Delta variant (19.5 {+/-} 3.8) (p=0.043). There was no significant difference in the hospitalization and mortality of patients with Delta and non-Delta variants (p=0.80 and 0.29, respectively). None of the prognostic factors was associated with the hospitalization, except diabetes with an OR of 3.6 (95% CI=1.02-12.5; p=0.036). Moreover, the patients with the following factors have been associated with higher mortality rate than patients without the factors: age [≥]65 years, obesity, diabetes, hypertension, and cardiovascular disease with the OR of 11 (95% CI=3.4-36; p=8x10-5), 27 (95% CI=6.1-118; p=1x10-5), 15.6 (95% CI=5.3-46; p=6x10-7), 12 (95% CI=4-35.3; p=1.2x10-5), and 6.8 (95% CI=2.1-22.1; p=0.003), respectively. Multivariate analysis showed that age [≥]65 years, obesity, diabetes, and hypertension were the strong prognostic factors for the mortality of COVID-19 patients with the OR of 3.6 (95% CI=0.58-21.9; p=0.028), 16.6 (95% CI=2.5-107.1; p=0.003), 5.5 (95% CI=1.3-23.7; p=0.021), and 5.8 (95% CI=1.02-32.8; p=0.047), respectively. ConclusionsWe show that the patients infected by the SARS-CoV-2 Delta variant have a lower Ct value than the patients infected by the non-Delta variant, implying that the Delta variant has a higher viral load, which might cause a more transmissible virus among humans. However, the Delta variant does not affect the COVID-19 outcomes in our patients. Our study also confirms the older age and comorbidity increase the mortality rate of COVID-19 patients.
RESUMO
Dengue virus (DENV) infection is a significant burden in Indonesia and other tropical countries. DENV infection have wide spectrum of clinical manifestations i.e. asymptomatic, dengue fever, dengue hemorrhagic fever and dengue shock syndrome. The difference of clinical manifestation may due to the deversity of genetic constitution of the host. The C-type lectin DC-SIGN (CD209) has been identified to be the major dengue receptor on human dendritic cells. There are at least five polymorphisms in exon 5 and 6 of DC-SIGN encoded gene which have been identified and recorded in dbSNP. The aim of this work is to measure the frequency of these polymorphisms among asymptomatic and hospitalized DENV infected patients. We enrolled 23 hospitalized and 73 asymptomatic DENV infected patients. Among those subject we performed PCR amplification and DNA direct seqencing for 23 hospitalized DENV infected patients and 24 asymptomatic DENV infected patients. The result showed that there were no polymorphic nucleotides in CD209 encoded gene found among the patients.
RESUMO
Dengue virus (DENV) infection is a significant burden in Indonesia and other tropical countries. DENV infection has a wide spectrum of clinical manifestations, i.e. asymptomatic, dengue fever, dengue hemorrhagic fever and dengue shock syndrome. The variety of clinical manifestations may be due to the diversity of genetic constitution of the host. The C-type lectin DC-SIGN (CD209) has been identified as the major dengue receptor on human dendritic cells. There are at least five polymorphisms in exon 5 and 6 of the DC-SIGN encoded gene which have been identified and recorded in dbSNP. The aim of this work is to measure the frequency of these polymorphisms among asymptomatic and hospitalized DENV-infected patients. We enrolled 23 hospitalized and 73 asymptomatic DENV-infected patients. Among the subjects, we performed PCR amplification and DNA direct seqencing for 23 hospitalized DENV-infected patients and 24 asymptomatic DENV-infected patients. The result showed that there were no polymorphic nucleotides in the CD209 encoded gene among the patients.
